Copaiba Oil-Based Emulsion as a Natural Chemotherapeutic Agent for the Treatment of Bovine Mastitis: In Vivo Studies.

Copaiba oil-resin (COR) extracted from Copaifera reticulata Ducke has been used as a natural chemotherapeutic agent for a wide range of therapeutic applications. This study presents an emulgel design with a high concentration of COR, designed to prevent and treat mastitis. The COR was stabilized in a gel matrix constituted by carbopol C934P and Pluronic® F127 (ECO formulation) ratios. The permeation study of ECO was accessed by Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS). The results reveal a high capacity of ECO to permeate deep skin layers. Dairy cows with a history of mastitis were used as in vivo models and exposed to ECO treatment. Monitoring of the teat's inflammatory response showed that ECO effectively prevents mastitis. Furthermore, the ECO formulation was able to form a thin film gel on the application side, preventing fly proliferation and significantly reducing the pathogen load. This study reveals a drug that can used as an alternative application for mastitis in human or veterinary clinics.

Natural photosensitizer-loaded in micellar copolymer to prevent bovine mastitis: A new post-dipping protocol on milking.

Good management practices such as post-dipping applications (post-milking immersion bath) contribute to the dairy cattle health during lactation and minimize the appearance of mastitis (an infection in the mammary gland). The post-dipping procedure is performed conventionally using iodine-based solutions. The search for therapeutic modalities that are not invasive and do not cause resistance to the microorganisms that cause bovine mastitis instigates the interest of the scientific community. In this regard, antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) is highlighted. The aPDT is based on combining a photosensitizer (PS) compound, light of adequate wavelength, and molecular oxygen (3O2), which triggers a series of photophysical processes and photochemical reactions that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsible for the inactivation of microorganisms. The present investigation explored the photodynamic efficiency of two natural PS: Chlorophyll-rich spinach extract (CHL) and Curcumin (CUR), both incorporated into the Pluronic® F127 micellar copolymer. They were applied in post-dipping procedures in two different experiments. The photoactivity of formulations mediated through aPDT was conducted against Staphylococcus aureus, and obtained a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 6.8 mg mL-1 for CHL-F127 and 0.25 mg mL-1 for CUR-F127. Only CUR-F127 inhibited Escherichia coli growth with MIC 0.50 mg mL-1. Concerning the count of microorganisms during the days of the application, a significant difference was observed between the treatments and control (Iodine) when the teat surface of cows was evaluated. For CHL-F127 there was a difference for Coliform and Staphylococcus (p < 0.05). For CUR-F127 there was a difference for aerobic mesophilic and Staphylococcus (p < 0.05). Such application decreased bacterial load and maintained the milk quality, being evaluated via total microorganism count, physical-chemical composition, and somatic cell count (SCC).

Photo-Phytotherapeutic Gel Composed of Copaifera reticulata, Chlorophylls, and k-Carrageenan: A New Perspective for Topical Healing.

Chronic wound healing represents an impactful financial burden on healthcare systems. In this context, the use of natural products as an alternative therapy reduces costs and maintains effectiveness. Phytotherapeutic gels applied in photodynamic therapy (PDT) have been developed to act as topical healing medicines and antibiotics. The bioactive system is composed of Spirulina sp. (source of chlorophylls) and Copaifera reticulata oil microdroplets, both incorporated into a polymeric blend constituted by kappa-carrageenan (k-car) and F127 copolymer, constituting a system in which all components are bioactive agents. The flow behavior and viscoelasticity of the formulations were investigated. The photodynamic activity was accessed from studies of the inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, the main pathogen of hospital relevance. Furthermore, in vivo studies were conducted using eighteen rabbits with dermatitis (grade III and IV) in both paws. The gels showed significant antibiotic potential in vitro, eliminating up to 100% of S. aureus colonies in the presence or absence of light. The k-car reduced 41% of the viable cells; however, its benefits were enhanced by adding chlorophyll and copaiba oil. The animals treated with the phytotherapeutic medicine showed a reduction in lesion size, with healing and re-epithelialization verified in the histological analyses. The animals submitted to PDT displayed noticeable improvement, indicating this therapy's viability for ulcerative and infected wounds. This behavior was not observed in the iodine control treatment, which worsened the animals' condition. Therefore, gel formulations were a viable alternative for future pharmaceutical applications, aiming at topical healing.

Thermo and Photoresponsive Emulgel Loaded with Copaifera reticulata Ducke and Chlorophylls: Rheological, Mechanical, Photodynamic and Drug Delivery Properties in Human Skin.

Recently, the number of new cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis has been of concern among health agencies. Research that offers new therapeutic alternatives is advantageous, especially those that develop innovative drugs. Therefore, this paper presents the incorporation of Copaifera reticulata Ducke and chlorophyll extract into Pluronic®® F127 and Carbopol gels, under optimized polymer quantities. The chlorophyll extract (rich in photosensitizing compounds) was obtained by continuous-flow pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), a clean, environmentally friendly method. The system aims to act as as a leishmanicidal, cicatrizant, and antibiotic agent, with reinforcement of the photodynamic therapy (PDT) action. Rheological and mechanical analyses, permeation studies and bioadhesiveness analyses on human skin, and PDT-mediated activation of Staphylococcus aureus were performed. The emulgels showed gelation between 13° and 15 °C, besides pseudoplastic and viscoelastic properties. Furthermore, the systems showed transdermal potential, by releasing chlorophylls and C. reticulata Ducke into the deep layers of human skin, with good bioadhesive performance. The application of PDT reduced three logarithmic colony-forming units of S. aureus bacteria. The results support the potential of the natural drug for future clinical trials in treating wounds and cutaneous leishmania.

Design and Optimization of a Natural Medicine from Copaifera reticulata Ducke for Skin Wound Care.

In this study, we developed a bioadhesive emulsion-filled gel containing a high amount of Copaifera reticulata Ducke oil-resin as a veterinary or human clinical proposal. The phytotherapeutic system had easy preparation, low cost, satisfactory healing ability, and fly repellency, making it a cost-effective clinical strategy for wound care and myiasis prevention. Mechanical, rheological, morphological, and physical stability assessments were performed. The results highlight the crosslinked nature of the gelling agent, with three-dimensional channel networks stabilizing the Copaifera reticulata Ducke oil-resin (CrD-Ore). The emulgel presented antimicrobial activity, satisfactory adhesion, hardness, cohesiveness, and viscosity profiles, ensuring the easy spreading of the formulation. Considering dermatological application, the oscillatory responses showed a viscoelastic performance that ensures emulgel retention at the action site, reducing the dosage frequencies. In Vivo evaluations were performed using a case report to treat ulcerative skin wounds aggravated by myiasis in calves and heifers, which demonstrated healing, anti-inflammatory, and repellent performance for the emulsion-filled gel. The emulgel preparation, which is low in cost, shows promise as a drug for wound therapy.

Composition and microbiological quality of refrigerated raw milk in two seasons of the year in Santa Helena, Western Paraná / Composição e qualidade microbiológica do leite cru refrigerado em duas estações do ano em Santa Helena, oeste do Paraná / Composición y calidad microbiológica de la leche cruda refrigerada en dos estaciones del año en Santa Helena, oeste de Paraná

This study aimed at quantifying the occurrence of proteolytic psychotropic microorganisms and total coliforms in refrigerated raw milk, in addition to assessing the quality through its physical-chemical composition. The samples were collected in 10 dairy farms in the municipality of Santa Helena ­ Western Paraná. Two collections were made, one during the spring and the other during the summer. Samples of refrigerated raw milk were carried out directly from the cooling tank, aseptically, packed in sterile bottles and transported under isothermal conditions (± 4 ºC) to the laboratory where the physical-chemical composition and microbial populations were determined. The levels of fat had great amplitude between the seasons, being higher in the summer, while there was no variation for the contents of protein, lactose, minerals, and non-fat solids. The total coliform count did not differ between seasons. The values obtained for proteolytic psychotropic counts were higher in the summer. A significant positive correlation was found between the total coliform counts, the proteolytic psychotropic counts (r=0.73), the levels of protein (r=0.45), non-fat solids (r=0.45), and minerals (r=0.46). Also, the proteolytic psychotropic counts showed a positive correlation with the cryoscopic index. The milk components met the requirements of NI76. The quality of refrigerated raw milk in the municipality of Santa Helena, Western Paraná was not satisfactory for total coliforms, due to its high incidence, indicating the need for good practices in milking management. Proteolytic psychotropic bacteria presented low proliferation, thus not affecting milk quality.(AU)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo quantificar a ocorrência de microrganismos psicrotróficos proteolíticos e de coliformes totais em leite cru refrigerado além de avaliar a qualidade por meio da sua composição físico-química. As amostras foram coletadas em 10 propriedades leiteiras no município de Santa Helena ­ Oeste do Paraná. Foram realizadas duas coletas, uma durante a primavera e outra no verão. As amostragens do leite cru refrigerado foram realizadas diretamente no tanque de resfriamento, de forma asséptica, acondicionado em frascos esterilizados e transportado sob condições isotérmicas (± 4ºC) ao laboratório onde foram determinadas a composição físico-química e as populações microbianas. Os teores de gordura tiveram grande amplitude entre as estações do ano, sendo superior no verão, enquanto que não houve variação para os teores de proteína, lactose, minerais e sólidos desengordurados. A contagem de coliformes totais não diferiu entre as estações. Os valores obtidos para contagens de psicrotróficos proteolíticos foram superiores no verão. Foi constatada correlação significativa positiva entre as contagens de coliformes totais com as contagens de psicrotróficos proteolíticos (r=0,73) e os teores de proteína (r=0,45), sólidos desengordurados (r=0,45) e minerais (r=0,46). Além disto, as contagens de psicrotróficos proteolíticos apresentaram correlação positiva com o índice crioscópico. Os componentes do leite atenderam as exigências da IN76. A qualidade do leite cru refrigerado no município de Santa Helena, Oeste do Paraná não foi satisfatória em relação aos coliformes totais, devido sua alta incidência, indicando a necessidade de boas práticas no manejo de ordenha. As bactérias psicrotróficas proteolíticas tiveram baixa proliferação, não afetando a qualidade do leite.(AU)

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo cuantificar la ocurrencia de microorganismos psicrotróficos proteolíticos y de coliformes totales en leche cruda refrigerada, además de evaluar la calidad a través de su composición fisicoquímica. Las muestras fueron recolectadas en 10 granjas lecheras del municipio de Santa Helena ­ Oeste de Paraná. Se realizaron dos colecciones, una en primavera y otra en verano. Las muestras de leche cruda enfriada se realizaron directamente en el tanque de enfriamiento, de forma aséptica, se empacaron en botellas estériles y se transportaron en condiciones isotérmicas (± 4ºC) al laboratorio donde se determinó la composición fisicoquímica y las poblaciones microbianas. Los niveles de grasa tuvieron gran amplitud entre las estaciones, siendo más altos en verano, mientras que no hubo variación para los contenidos de proteínas, lactosa, minerales y sólidos desgrasados. El recuento total de coliformes no difirió entre temporadas. Los valores obtenidos para los recuentos de psicotrópicos proteolíticos fueron mayores en verano. Se encontró una correlación positiva significativa entre los recuentos de coliformes totales y los recuentos de psicrótroficos proteolíticos (r=0.73) y los niveles de proteínas (r=0.45), sólidos desgrasados (r=0.45) y minerales (r=0.46). Además, los recuentos de psicrótroficos proteolíticos mostraron una correlación positiva con el índice crioscópico. Los componentes de la leche cumplieron con los requisitos de IN76. La calidad de la leche cruda refrigerada en el municipio de Santa Helena, Oeste de Paraná no fue satisfactoria en relación a los coliformes totales, debido a su alta incidencia, lo que indica la necesidad de buenas prácticas en el manejo del ordeño. Las bacterias psicrotróficas proteolíticas tuvieron baja proliferación, no afectando la calidad de la leche.(AU)

Bioactive compounds in jamelão yogurt (Syzygium cumini L) / Compostos bioativos em iogurte de jamelão (Syzygium cumini L)

The jamelão fruit has been used in traditional Indian medicine and has recently attracted interest as a functional food, as it is rich in anthocyanins. Anthocyanins are of interest of the food industry due to their antioxidant power, attractive color and stability in acid-rich foods. This research used the gelation process with sodium alginate solution to obtain bioactive yogurt from the production of jamelão capsules added to natural yogurt. The proportion was 80% yogurt and 20% jellybean pulp capsules. The treatments were control yogurt (without the addition of jamelão capsules), jamelão capsules and bioactive yogurt (with the capsules). The objective was to study the antioxidant activity, physical-chemical, nutritional and microscopic stability of the product kept under refrigeration for 28 days at 4±1ºC. The addition of jamelão capsules in the yogurt changed the product's physical properties (increased humidity and decreased Brix and ash). There was an increase in the amount of phenols and anthocyanins, in addition to the antioxidant potential at 28 days of storage. The interior of the microcapsules was composed of a mesh structure through which the encapsulated material was distributed, as the capsules can be added to yogurt, to improve the antioxidant and nutritional capacity, which proves to be a promising and viable alternative.

A fruta Jamelão tem sido usada na medicina tradicional indiana e recentemente atrai interesse como alimento funcional, por ser rica em antocianinas. As antocianinas são de interesse da indústria de alimentos devido ao seu poder antioxidante, cor atraente e estabilidade em alimentos ácidos. Esta pesquisa utilizou o processo de gelificação com solução de alginato de sódio para obter iogurte bioativo, a partir da produção de cápsulas de jamelão adicionadas em iogurte natural. A proporção utilizada foi de 80% de iogurte e 20% de cápsulas de polpa de jamelão. Os tratamentos foram iogurte controle (sem adição de cápsulas de jamelão), cápsulas de jamelão e iogurte bioativo (contendo as cápsulas). O objetivo foi estudar a atividade antioxidante, a estabilidade físico-química, nutricional e microscópica do produto mantido sob refrigeração por 28 dias a 4 ± 1 ºC. A adição de cápsulas de jamelão no iogurte alterou as propriedades físicas do produto (aumento de umidade, diminuição de Brix e cinzas). Houve aumento na quantidade de fenóis e antocianinas, além do potencial antioxidante aos 28 dias de armazenamento. O interior das cápsulas era composto por uma estrutura em malha através da qual o material encapsulado foi distribuído. Desta forma, as cápsulas podem ser um ingrediente adicionado ao iogurte, melhorando a capacidade antioxidante e nutricional, provando ser uma alternativa promissora e viável.

A typology of corporate and family dairy farms in eastern Goiás, Brazil / Tipologia de sistemas produtivos leiteiros familiares e patronais na região leste de Goiás

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to identify a typology of corporate and family dairy farms in eastern Goiás, Brazil. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 170 farm operators in the municipalities of Cristalina, Luziânia, and Silvânia. Dairy farms were categorized into two groups, corporate and family farms. Data were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis using principal component analysis extraction. Four factors were identified: Milking management (F1), Production scale (F2), Productivity (F3), and Sociodemographic characteristics (F4). Corporate and family farms were then compared in terms of factor scores. Corporate farms scored higher on F1 and F2 and were characterized by larger production scale, greater adoption of milking management and hygiene practices; and consequently, greater alignment with institutional and market demands. These results indicated that corporate dairy farms in eastern Goiás have higher sustainability and are more likely to remain in business than family dairy farms.

RESUMO: Buscou-se analisar a tipologia de sistemas produtivos leiteiros familiares e patronais, localizados na região leste do estado de Goiás. Foram aplicados formulários semiestruturados em 170 sistemas produtivos leiteiros nas cidades de Cristalina, Luziânia e Silvânia. Os sistemas leiteiros foram segregados em dois grupos G1: produtores familiares e G2 produtores patronais. Para as demais variáveis foi aplicada a técnica de Análise Fatorial Exploratória - AFE com método de extração de Componentes Principais - ACP. Quatro Fatores foram obtidos: F1- manejo de ordenha, F2 - escala de produção, F3 - produtividade e, F4 - social. Os grupos G1 e G2 foram comparados frente aos Fatores. Produtores de leite patronais (G2) apresentaram maiores resultados para F1 e F2 quando comparados com produtores de leite familiares (G1). Desta forma, entre os sistemas produtivos leiteiros analisados, aqueles classificados como patronais (G2) apresentaram maior escala de produção de leite, maior frequência na adoção práticas de manejo e higiene de ordenha e portanto, estão mais adequados as demandas institucionais e de mercado atuais.

The occurrence of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus spp. in dairy cattle feed in Southern Brazil

ABSTRACT The presence of mycotoxins or related fungi in animal feed is a major problem for animal and human health. Silage and concentrated feed samples were collected from 21 dairy farms in the Western part of Paraná state in Southern Brazil. Water activity and pH of all samples were measured, and each sample was analyzed to check for the presence of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus. Water activity was observed to be lower in the concentrated feed samples. The pH was lower in the silage samples, indicating fermentation processes. Two silage samples and four concentrated feed samples were contaminated with Aspergillus spp. Seven isolates of Aspergillus spp. were obtained and their potential to produce aflatoxins was evaluated. Four of the isolates, two from the silage samples and two from the concentrated feed samples, produced the aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in culture media. These isolates were identified as Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus nomius. The presence of aflatoxigenic isolates of Aspergillus spp. in silage and concentrated feed samples is a matter of concern, because of the risk of aflatoxin production and contamination of the animal feed.

The occurrence of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus spp. in dairy cattle feed in Southern Brazil.

The presence of mycotoxins or related fungi in animal feed is a major problem for animal and human health. Silage and concentrated feed samples were collected from 21 dairy farms in the Western part of Paraná state in Southern Brazil. Water activity and pH of all samples were measured, and each sample was analyzed to check for the presence of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus. Water activity was observed to be lower in the concentrated feed samples. The pH was lower in the silage samples, indicating fermentation processes. Two silage samples and four concentrated feed samples were contaminated with Aspergillus spp. Seven isolates of Aspergillus spp. were obtained and their potential to produce aflatoxins was evaluated. Four of the isolates, two from the silage samples and two from the concentrated feed samples, produced the aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in culture media. These isolates were identified as Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus nomius. The presence of aflatoxigenic isolates of Aspergillus spp. in silage and concentrated feed samples is a matter of concern, because of the risk of aflatoxin production and contamination of the animal feed.

Práticas de higiene e a qualidade do leite: uma análise a partir da técnica de clusters / Hygiene practices and milk quality: an analysis from the cluster technique / Prácticas de higiene y la calidad de la leche: un análisis desde la técnica de clusters

O objetivo proposto neste artigo foi demonstrar a viabilidade do uso da técnica de formação de clusters hierárquicos para analisar a relação entre as práticas de manejo e higiene de ordenha e suas implicações para a qualidade do leite. Foi desenvolvida pesquisa a campo e realizada coleta de dados referente a qualidade do leite de produtores da Região de Mococa, SP. A partir dessas, 455 casos foram submetidos à análise de cluster hierárquico. Dois grupos foram definidos, o primeiro, (grupo 1) caracterizado por produtores com baixa aplicação de práticas de manejo e higiene de ordenha e o segundo (grupo 2), por produtores com elevada aplicação dessas práticas. Entre os grupos, foi aplicado teste de hipóteses para comparação de diferenças percentuais entre as variáveis de manejo e higiene de ordenha. Em etapa subsequente foi feita análise descritiva e de verificação de igualdade entre os grupos, segundo variáveis de qualidade do leite. A técnica de formação de clusters hierárquicos mostrou-se adequada para análise da relação entre práticas de manejo e higiene de ordenha. Produtores rurais que adotam com maior frequência tais práticas, obtém leite de melhor qualidade.(AU)

The aim of this paper was to demonstrate the feasibility of using the hierarchical clusters technique to analyze the relationship between management practices and milking hygiene and the implications on milk quality. A field research was developed and carried out to collect data regarding the quality of milk produced in a dairy cooperative located in Mococa, SP. From these, 455 cases were submitted to the hierarchical cluster analysis. Two groups were defined, the first one (group 1) contained producers with low application management practices and milking hygiene, while the second one (group 2) of producers with high application of these practices. The hypothesis test was applied between the groups to compare the percentage differences between management variables and hygienic milking. Subsequently, a descriptive analysis was performed and the equality between groups was checked against milk quality variables. The hierarchical cluster formation technique was adequate for analyzing the relationship between management practices and milking hygiene. Farmers who more often adopt these practices provide better quality milk.(AU)

El objetivo propuesto en este artículo ha sido demostrar la viabilidad de uso de la técnica de formación de clusters jerárquicos, para analizar la relación entre las prácticas de manejo e higiene de ordeña, y sus implicaciones para la calidad de la leche. Se ha desarrollado investigación de campo y recogidos datos referente la calidad de la leche de productores de la Región de Mococa, SP. Así, 455 casos han sido sometidos a análisis de cluster jerárquico. Dos grupos fueron definidos, el primero (grupo 1) caracterizado por productores con baja aplicación de prácticas de manejo e higiene de ordeña, el segundo grupo (grupo 2), por productores con elevada aplicación de esas prácticas. Entre los grupos, se ha utilizado prueba de hipótesis para comparación de diferencias porcentuales entre las variables de manejo e higiene de ordeña. En la próxima etapa se ha hecho análisis descriptiva y de verificación de igualdad entre los grupos, según variables de calidad de la leche. La técnica de formación de clusters jerárquicos se ha mostrado adecuada para análisis de relación entre prácticas de manejo e higiene de ordeña. Productores rurales que adoptan con mayor frecuencia tales prácticas, obtienen mejor calidad de la leche.(AU)

Stoking residue from extraction of cassava starch without the use of storage technologies / Estocagem do resíduo da extração de amido da mandioca sem utilização de tecnologias de armazenamento

The purpose of this paper was to study the storage of the residue from the extraction of cassava starch without the use of storage technologies, through chemical evaluation, pH values, temperature, development of microorganisms and mycotoxins. A randomized block design was used with eight treatments (different storage periods: 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21 days) and five replications. There was a significant difference for DM content, as a function of days in storage. The chemical composition of the residue from the extraction of cassava starch did not changed throughout the storage period. A negative linear effect was obtained for the pH values, which decreased with days in storage. There was significance of the storage period only for the fungus and yeast population, which increased up to 17 days of storage, with subsequent reduction. Mycotoxins were detected in the residue from the extraction of cassava starch. Despite it did not showed changes in the chemical composition the storage of residue from the extraction of cassava starch for 21 days proved to be an inefficient preservation process, due to the development of molds and mycotoxins.

Objetivou-se estudar o armazenamento do resíduo da extração de amido da mandioca, sem a utilização de tecnologias, por meio da avaliação química, valores de pH, temperatura, desenvolvimento de microrganismos e micotoxinas. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com oito tratamentos (diferentes dias de estocagem: 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 e 21) e cinco repetições. Houve diferença significativa para o teor de MS em função dos dias de estocagem. Obteve-se efeito linear negativo para os valores de pH, os quais decresceram com os dias de armazenamento. Houve significância do período de estocagem apenas sobre a população de fungos e leveduras, que se elevou até os 17 dias de estocagem, com posterior redução, micotoxinas foram detectadas no resíduo da extração do amido da mandioca. Apesar de não apresentar alterações na composição química, a estocagem do resíduo da extração do amido da mandioca por 21 dias demonstrou ser um processo de conservação ineficiente, devido ao desenvolvimento de fungos e presença de micotoxinas.

Correlação entre contagem de células somáticas, parâmetros microbiológicos e componentes do leite em amostras de leite in natura / Correlación entre contaje de células somáticas, parámetros microbiológicos y componentes de la leche en muestras de leche in natura / Correlation among somatic cells count, microbilogical parameters and milk components in samples of in natura milk

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade do leite cru refrigerado, tendo em vista os padrões estabelecidos pela Instrução Normativa nº 51; assim como verificar a correlação existente entre a contagem de células somáticas, componentes do leite e contagens bacterianas. Os resultados mostraram que das 72 amostras avaliadas, 91,66% para aeróbios mesófilos, foram consideradas acima dos padrões exigidos pela legislação. Todas as amostras estavam contaminadas com coliformes a 35°C e coliformes termotolerantes. As contagens de mesófilos proteolíticos e de CCS também foram consideradas altas. No teste de lactofermentação, 85% das amostras apresentaram formas visuais não desejáveis; no teste de resistência térmica apenas 20% mantiveram-se estáveis. Correlações significativas foram obtidas entre CCS e os componentes do leite (proteína e lactose) e CCS e contagens microbiológicas.

This study aimed to evaluate the quality of cooled raw milk regarding the standards established by Law nº 51, as well as to verify the correlation existing among the somatic cell count (SCC), milk components and bacterial counts. The results of 72 analyzed samples pointed out that 91.66 % was out of the standards for mesophilic aerobes. All the samples were contaminated with coliforms at 35ºC and thermotolerant coliforms. The counts of proteolytic mesophiles and SCC were considered high. In the lactofermentation test, 85% of the samples showed visual undesirable forms, and in the thermal resistance test, only 20% kept stable. Significant correlations were obtained between somatic cell count and milk composition (protein and lactose), and between SCC and bacterial count.

El objetivo de este estudio ha sido evaluar la calidad de la leche cruda refrigerado, teniendo en cuenta los estándares establecidos por la Instrucción Normativa nº 51; así como verificar la correlación existente entre el contaje de células somáticas, componentes de la leche y contajes bacterianas. Los resultados señalaron que de las 72 muestras evaluadas, 91,66% para aerobios mesófilos, han sido consideradas arriba de los estándares exigidos por la legislación. Todas las muestras estaban contaminadas con coliformes a 35ºC y coliformes termo tolerantes. Los contajes de mesófilos proteolíticos y de CCS también fueron considerados altos. En el test de lacto fermentación, 85% de las muestras presentaron formas visuales no deseables; en el test de resistencia térmica solamente 20% se mantuvieron estables. Correlaciones significativas se ha obtenido entre CCS y los componentes de la leche (proteína y lactosa) y CCS y contajes microbiológicas.

Utilização de prebióticos por Lactobacillus spp e resistência antimicrobiana / Use of Lactobacillus spp prebiotics and antibiotic resistance

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a utilização de substratos prebióticos por seis cepas de lactobacilos de origem intestinal humana. Foi utilizado o caldo MRS isento de glicose e extrato de carne adicionado de 1,0% de oligofrutose, insulina ou goma acácia sendo as contagens determinadas após 24 horas de incubação. Avaliou-se também a resistência destes isolados a alguns antibióticos de uso restrito em humanos como penicilina, tetraciclina, eritromicina, cloranfenicol e estreptomicina, utilizando-se o método de difusão em placa. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que todas cepas foram capazes de utilizar os substratos testados. Os seis isolados testados foram resistentes a eritromicina, porém não se determinou se esta característica era intrínseca ou adquirida. Os isolados apresentam potencial de uso em produtos simbióticos, pois também mostraram, em ensaios anteriores, resistência às condições adversas do trato gastrointestinal.

Desempenho, microbiota intestinal e peso de órgãos de leitões na fase inicial recebendo rações com simbiótico e probiotico / Performance, intestinal microorganisms and organs weight of piglets in the initial phase receiving diets with simbiotic and probiotic

Neste Trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da suplementação de dietas contendo probiótico e simbiótico sobre o desempenho de leitões dos 21 aos 49 dias, microbiota intestinal e peso dos órgãos. Foram utilizados 120 leitões mestiços desmamados aos 21 dias de idade, distribuídos em um delineamento de blocos casualizados, com três tratamentos (antibiótico, probiótico e simbiótico) e cinco repetições, sendo a unidade experimental representada pela baia, onde foram alojados oito leitões. No período de 21 a 35 dias de idade, não se observou diferença (P>0,05) no desempenho. No período de 36 até os 49 dias, pode-se observar maior ganho diário de peso (P<0,01) para o tratamento contendo antibiótico. Foi observada uma maior contagem de bactérias lácticas (P<0,05) no conteúdo do cólon, aos 35 dias de idade para o tratamento contendo probiótico. Os pesos relativos dos órgãos não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelos tratamentos. O uso de probiótico e simbiótico nas rações foi efetivo para leitões dos 21 aos 35 dias de idade para as variáveis de desempenho e contagem de coliformes no íleo e cólon, e dos 36 aos 49 dias de idade o uso de antibiótico foi melhor em relação as variáveis de desempenho.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of diets containing probiotic and simbiotic on the performance of piglets from 21 to 49 days, intestinal microorganisms and weight of organs. In this study there were used 120 crossbred piglets, weaned at 21 days of age, alloted in randomized blocks design, with three treatments (antibiotic, probiotic and simbiotic) and five replicates, being the experimental unit represented by the pen, where eight piglets were hosted. In the period from 21 to 35 days of age no difference was observed (P>0.05) for the performance results. In the period from 36 to 49 days could be observed a higher daily weight gain (P<0.01) for the antibiotic treatment. A higher count of lactic bacteria was observed (P<0.05) in the colon content, in piglets with 35 days of age, for the probiotic treatment. The relative organs weight was not influenced (P>0.05) by the treatments. The use of probiotic and simbiotic in the diets was effective for piglets from 21 to 35 days of age for performance and coliform count in the ileum and large gut, and from 36 to 49 days of age the use of antibiotic in the diet was better for the performance parameters.

Determinação e predição de valores energéticos de silagens de grãos úmidos de milho para suínos / Determination and prediction of energetic values of the high moisture corn grain silages for swine

Conduziu-se este trabalho, com os objetivos de avaliar a composição química e os valores energéticos de diferentes silagens de grãos úmidos de milho (SGUM) para suínos, e ajustar equações de predição para a energia digestível (ED) e metabolizável (EM) com base na composição química. Os tratamentos consistiram de oito diferentes silagens de grãos úmidos de milho, que substituíram em 30,0 por cento a ração referência. Foram realizadas as análises de MS, PB, EE, FB, FDA, FDN, Ca e P das silagens em estudo. Na determinação dos valores energéticos, foram utilizados 36 suínos, distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os valores de ED e EM das silagens de grão úmido de milho variaram de 3494 a 3701 kcal/kg MS e 3392 a 3613 kcal/kg MS, respectivamente. Não se obteve um bom ajustamento das equações para predizer os valores de ED e EM da SGUM, apresentando baixos coeficientes de determinação, sendo que o extrato etéreo apresentou uma correlação positiva e a fibra bruta uma correlação negativa para os valores energéticos estudados.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the chemical composition and energetic values of diferent high moisture corn grain silages (HMCGS) for swine, and to adjust prediction equations for digestible (DE) and metabolizable (ME) energy based on the chemical composition. The treatments consisted of eight diferent high moisture corn grain silages that substitued 30.0 percent of the basal diet. The analysis of DM, CP, EE, ADF, NDF, Ca and P were performed for the refered silages. To determine the energetic values 36 swines were used, alloted in a randomized blocks design with four replicates. The values of DE and ME of the HMCGS varied from 3494 to 3701 kcal/kg of DM and from 3392 to 3613 kcal/kg of DM, respectively. The equations adjusted to predict the DE and ME values of the HMCGS did not show a good adjustment, showing low determination coefficients, and the fat content showed a positive relation and the CF a negative one, for the energetic values studied.

Avaliação da moagem e granulometria do milho e consumo de energia no processamento em moinhos de martelos / Evaluation of corn grinding and particle size and energy consumption in the processing on hammermills

Foi realizado um trabalho com o objetivo de avaliar a granulometria do milho, a taxa de moagem, o consumo de energia elétrica de diferentes moinhos de martelos e determinar as características dos moinhos que influenciam o diâmetro geométrico médio das partículas. Para determinar os preditores da granulometria, as características dos moinhos foram consideradas as variáveis independentes utilizando o procedimento estatístico "Backward" para obtenção das equações. A equação para estimar o diâmetro geométrico médio das partículas que proporcionou um maior R² (0,85) foi a seguinte: 330,59 + 494,284TX - 11,844PM + 113,746DP - 0,186ATP. A variação da taxa de moagem e consumo de energia elétrica, de moinhos de martelos, pode ser devido às diferenças entre as características dos moinhos, do desgaste devido ao uso e da potência dos motores que equipam os moinhos. Concluiu-se que a taxa de moagem e o diâmetro dos furos das peneiras apresentaram uma correlação positiva com o diâmetro geométrico médio, e a potência do motor e a área total da peneira, uma correlação negativa.